CTET- English Pedagogy Notes

 ENGLISH PEDAGOGY NOTES

Characteristics of a language 

• It's is symbolic and dynamic
• Means of communication 
• Medium of instruction
• Language is arbitrary

Language Acquisition Arjan अर्जन(1st language mainly)

• When language is learnt naturally and without any systematic practice, it is called acquisition.
• It refers to the process of learning a native or a second language because of the innate capacity of a human brain.
• It also means an unconscious process that occurs when language is used in real conversation.

Language learning अधिगम्

• When a language is learnt in a systematic way, it is known as learning. (Books, grammar, teaching)
• Learning a Language is an all inclusive process. (All 4 skills)
• Learning is a conscious process and it is more effective when it is done in a meaningful situation or familiar environment.

 

Acquisition	Learning
Similar to child's first language Acquisition	Formal knowledge of a language
Picking up a language	Knowing about a language
Unconscious	Conscious
Implicit knowledge	Explicit knowledge
Formal teaching does not help	Formal teaching helps

Main difference between acquisition and learning.

• Environment 

Prerequisite to learn a language 

• Motivation 

Noam chomsky

• Language can be acquired because of innate capacity in human brain.
• Language Acquisition device
• 5 years- critical period
• Universal grammar 
• Generative grammar ( rules can be generated by lad)

Sensitive/critical/fastest period- till 5 years

• In puberty it's difficult to acquire language 

National Curriculum Framework 2005

• According to the observation, English is a second language. 
• In a multilingual country like India, English is a global language.

As per Indian Constitution 

• Associate official language A 343 (2)
• Official language-Hindi A 343(1)
• Act- Official Language Act -1963

LANGUAGE SKILLS

4 BASIC SKILLS 

1. LISTENING - semantic aspect of a language

2. SPEAKING - phonetic aspect of a language

3. READING - phonetic cum graphic aspect/ prediction and inferring/ loud pronunciation) & silent reading (speed and concentration )

4. WRITING - graphic aspect of language /transcribing paraphrasing/ dictation-spelling errors 

• L & R - receptive / passive stills
• S n W - active/ expressive/ productive skills
• LSRW is sequential and integrated
• S - fluency 
• W - accuracy (grammatical)
• L n S - primary skills
• S n W - reinforcement skills

Overgeneralization of rules- ed past form

INTENSIVE AND Extensive reading

• Specific detailed ( I) - Inside classroom- question answer of chapter
• Pleasure or fun (E)- Outside classroom ‐ Novel

Sight Words- words that appear most frequently in our reading and writing.

• That, thought, most, our (Active vocabulary)

Reading sub skills

• Scanning
• To look at or read every part of something quickly until you find what you are looking for.
• Scanning is reading rapidly in order to find specific facts.
• Dictionary
• Skimming- Extensive reading
• It is rapidly reading in order to get a general overview of the material.

Lexical words- content words (Honest)

Function words- and

Intonation- variation in your tone & rise and fall in your tone.

• Don't depend on voice and pronunciation.

Contrastive Pair/ Minimal Pair

• A pair of words that are the same, except for a contrasting letter or 1 sound.
• Used for pronunciation.
• Take vs tape
• Team vs deem
• Copy vs ample

Sounds in a English Language 

Phoneme- 

• Total sound- 44 

• 26 letters 
• 20 vowel
• 24 consonant 

• Diphthongs 8

• A sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves towards another.
• As jn coin, loud & side

• 12 monophthongs

• Single vowel

• Articulators

• Any vocal organ that takes part in the production of a speech sound.
• Nasal cavity, palette, tongue, vocal cords etc

• Homograph

• Words that share the same written form as another word but have a different meaning.
• Lead- metal, lead- direction leader

• Homophone- Sound

• Word that is pronounced the same as another word but that has a different spelling and meaning.
• Two and too

• Homonym

• Words that are spelt and pronounced like another word but that has a different meaning.
• Suit- clothes & suit- appropriate

• Polysemy

• Single word with two or several meaning.

Paraphrasing 

• Formulating someone else's ideas in your own words.

Note taking

• Is the practice of recording information from different sources and platforms.

Direct Method

• Inductive- example to rule
• Mother tongue not allowed
• The direct method of teaching, which is sometimes called the natural method, and is often used in teaching foregin languages, refrains from using the learners native language and use only the target language.

Grammar Translational methods- Traditional methods

• In grammar translation classes, students learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules by translating sentences between the target language and the native language.
• One of the oldest method
• Deductive-  rule to example

Morpheme- smallest word meaning (water can't break further)

Semantics- meaning/ sense ( Madam drives a bicycle - semantic wrong)

Syntax- rule/ structure - Subject+Verb+ Object

Language across the curriculum (LAC)

BOTTOM UP APPROACH

alphabets -> words -> sentences 

And vice versa is TOP DOWN APPROACH - Natural process 

Multilingualism

• Many languages
• Diversity
• As resource/Asset 

Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)

• Linguistic skills needed in everyday, social face to face interactions.

Cognitive (CALP)

• Higher order language learning 

CLL community language learning

• Group with members 

CLT- Communicative language teaching

• Using language in classroom